Microplastics in Aquatic Systems: Detection, Degradation, and Toxicological Implications

Abstract

Due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential health hazards, microplastics—plastic particles smaller than 5 mm—have become widespread contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. Primary sources like microbeads in personal care items and secondary sources like plastic trash broken down by physical, chemical, and biological processes cause their ubiquitous presence. microscopy, FTIR, Raman, and Py-GC/MS strengths and weaknesses, and microplastic detection and characterisation in freshwater and marine environments. Barriers to effective measurement include separating microplastics from natural particles and standardizing sample techniques. While photodegradation, chemical oxidation, and microbial biodegradation may reduce microplastic buildup in natural aquatic environments, their efficacy is questionable. Microplastics' physical and chemical effects on aquatic species including plankton and fish, as well as their potential to transport heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and diseases, are examined. Seafood eating may cause trophic transfer, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic disturbance, according to laboratory research.